Migraines are a common neurological condition that can cause a variety of symptoms, including a throbbing headache on one side of the head. These symptoms often worsen with physical activity, light, sound, or smells and can last for at least four hours. About 12% of Americans experience migraines, making it the sixth most disabling disease globally.
Migraines are categorized into two types: primary and secondary headaches. Primary headaches are not caused by another medical condition and are diagnosed without blood tests or imaging. Secondary headaches indicate another health issue.
An “aura” is a set of sensory, motor, and speech symptoms that often precede a migraine, serving as a warning sign. It can last from 10 to 60 minutes and is experienced by 15-20% of migraine sufferers. Aura symptoms are reversible and can be treated or stopped.
Migraines can be divided into four stages: prodrome, aura, headache, and postdrome. Not everyone experiences all stages. The prodrome stage can last from a few hours to days, while the aura stage can last from five to 60 minutes. The headache stage can last from four to 72 hours, and the postdrome stage can last for a day or two, often referred to as a “migraine hangover.”
More than 50% of adults experience headaches, and 12% of Americans suffer from migraines, with women being three times more likely than men to have them. Migraines often run in families, with a significant genetic component.
Children can also experience migraines, though their symptoms are often shorter and more stomach-related. It’s important to discuss any symptoms with a healthcare provider to get a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.
Migraines do not cause brain damage, but there is a small risk of stroke for those with migraines that include an aura. The main symptom of a migraine is a headache, often described as throbbing or pounding, and it can vary in intensity. Other symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
The exact cause of migraines is not well understood, but they are believed to involve nerve signals and inflammatory chemicals in the brain. Common triggers include stress, certain foods, and changes in sleep patterns.
To diagnose migraines, doctors will take a detailed medical history and may perform tests to rule out other conditions. Treatment options include both preventive and abortive medications, with over-the-counter pain relievers being effective for mild to moderate migraines. Prescription medications are available for more severe cases.
Alternative treatments, such as biofeedback and lifestyle changes, can also help manage migraines. It’s important to work with a healthcare provider to find the best treatment plan and to avoid medications that could harm a developing baby if pregnant.
While there is no cure for migraines, managing triggers and symptoms can help reduce their frequency and severity. It’s crucial to follow a healthcare provider’s advice and report any changes in symptoms.
